Wednesday 23 October 2013

Interview Questions Apache Server (HTTP)

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              ############  Interview Questions Apache Server (HTTP)  ############
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Q. What is webserver.?
Ans :  Basically webserver is a software that allows you to provide content(web pages) through the http protocol.



Q: What is location of log files for Apache server ?
 Ans :  /var/log/httpd



Q: -What are the types of virtual hosts ?
 Ans :  name-based and IP-based.
 Name-based virtual host means that multiple names are running on each IP address.
 IP-based virtual host means that a different IP address exists for each website served. Most       configurations are named-based because it only requires one IP address.



Q: How to restart Apache web server ?
Ans :  service httpd restart



Q. How to enable Apache web server?
Ans :  chkconfig httpd on



Q: How to check the version of Apache server ?      
Ans :  rpm -qa |grep httpd



Q. How to see the configuration files  locations?
 Ans :  rpm -qc | grep httpd



Q:  What is meaning of "Listen" in httpd.conf file ?
Ans :  Port number on which to listen for nonsecure (http) transfers.



Q: - What is DocumentRoot ?
Ans :  It is a location of files which are accessible by clients. By default, the Apache  HTTP server in RedHat    Enterprise Linux is configured to serve files from the   /var/www/html/ directory.



Q: - On which port Apache server works ?
Ans :  http - port 80
          https - port 443



Q: - Tell me name of main configuration file of Apache server ?
Ans :  /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf



Q: - On which version of apache you have worked ?
Ans :  httpd-2.2.3



Q: - What do you mean by a valid ServerName directive?
Ans :  The DNS system is used to associate IP addresses with domain names. The value of ServerName is returned when the server generates a URL. If you are using a certain domain name, you must make sure that it is included in your DNS system and will be available to clients visiting your site.



Q: - What is the main difference between <Location> and <Directory> sections?
Ans :  Directory sections refer to file system objects; Location sections refer to elements in the address bar of the Web page



Q: What is the difference between a restart and a graceful restart of a web server?
Ans :  During a normal restart, the server is stopped and then started, causing some requests to be lost. A graceful restart allows Apache children to continue to serve their current requests until they can be replaced with children running the new configuration.



Q: - What is the use of mod_perl module?
Ans :  mod_perl scripting module to allow better Perl script performance and easy integration with the Web server.



Q: - If you have added loglevel Debug” in httpd.conf file, than what will happen?
 Ans :  It will give you more information in the error log in order to debug a problem.



Q: - Can you record the MAC (hardware) address of clients that access your server.?
Ans :  No



Q: - Can you record all the cookies sent to your server by clients in Web Server logs?
Ans :  Yes, add following lines in httpd.conf file.
CustomLog logs/cookies_in.log "%{UNIQUE_ID}e %{Cookie}i" CustomLog logs/cookies2_in.log "%{UNIQUE_ID}e %{Cookie2}i"



Q: - Can we do automatically roll over the Apache logs at specific times?
without having to shut down and restart the server?
Ans :  Yes
Use CustomLog and the rotatelogs programs

Add following line in httpd.conf file. CustomLog "| /path/to/rotatelogs/path/to/logs/access_log.%Y-%m-%d 86400" combined



Q: - What we can do to find out how people are reaching your site?
Ans :  Add the following effector to your activity log format. %{Referer}



Q: - Can I serve content out of a directory other than the DocumentRootdirectory?
Ans :  Yes, by using Alias” we can do this.



Q: - If you have to more than one URL map to the same directory but you don't have multiple Alias directives. What you will do?
Ans :  In this case I will use AliasMatch” directives.
The AliasMatch directive allows you to use regular expressions to match arbitrary patterns in URLs and map anything matching the pattern to the desired URL.



Q: - How you will put a limit on uploads on your web server?
Ans :
This can be achieved by LimitRequestBody directive.
<Directory "/var/www/html/data_uploads">
LimitRequestBody 100000
</Directory>
Here I have put limit of 100000 Bytes



Q: - I want to stop people using my site by Proxy server. Is it possible?
Ans :
<Directory proxy:http://www.test.com/myfiles>
Order Allow,Deny
Deny from all
Satisfy All
</Directory>



Q: - What is mod_evasive module?
Ans : mod_evasive is a third-party module that performs one simple task, and performs it very well. It detects when your site is receiving a Denial of Service (DoS) attack, and it prevents that attack from doing as much damage. mod_evasive detects when a single client is making multiple requests in a short period of time, and denies further requests from that client. The period for which the ban is in place can be very short, because it just gets renewed the next time a request is detected from that same host.



Q: - How t to enable PHP scripts on your server?
Ans : If you have mod_php installed, use AddHandler to map .php and .phtml files to the PHP handler. AddHandler application/x-httpd-php .phtml .php



Q: - Which tool you have used for Apache benchmarking?
Ans : ab (Apache bench)
ab -n 1000 -c 10 http://www.test.com/test.html



Q: - Can we cache files which are viewed frequently?
Ans : Yes we can do it by using mod_file_cache module.
CacheFile /www/htdocs/index.html



Q: - Can we have two apache servers having diff versions?
Ans : Yes, you can have two different apache servers on one server, but they can't listen to the same port at the same time.Normally apache listens to port 80 which is the default HTTP port. The second apache version should listen to another port with the Listen option in httpd.conf, for example to port 81.

For testing a new apache version before moving your sites from one version to another, this might be a good option.You just type www.example.com:81 in the browser window and you will be connected to the second apache instance.



Q. what is mod_rewrite in apache?
Ans : Mod_rewrite is an apache module. It is used to manipulate the urls


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Interview Questions FTP Server

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                         ############  Interview Questions FTP Server  ############
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Q. What is ftp?
Ans: ftp is a file transfer protocol, used to share files ,directories.
Q: How to deny specific users access to the FTP server ?
To deny specific users access to the FTP server, add their usernames to the /etc/vsftpd/
ftpusers file. By default, system users such as root and nobody are included in this list.



Q: Can we create logs for ftp authenticated sessions ?
Ans: Yes, If the xferlog_enable directive in vsftpd.conf is set to YES, file transfers using the FTP protocol are logged to /var/log/xferlog. Information such as a time stamp, IP address of the client, the file being transferred, and the username of the person who authenticated the connection is included in the log entry.



Q: What is meaning of max_clients parameter ?
Ans: Maximum number of clients that can connect at one time.
If set to 0, the number of clients is unlimited.



Q: On which port VSFTP server works ?
Ans: FTP uses two ports, 20 and 21. By default, the FTP server listens for requests on port 21.
After a connection is established, the client sends commands to the server on port 21.
However, port 20 is used when the server sends data back to the client.
Q: How to restart VSFTP server ?
service vsftpd restart



Q: How to allow Anonymous FTP ?
Ans: Anonymous FTP is enabled by default by setting the anonymous_enable directive in
/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf to YES.




Q: - For Redhat Linux or Fedora which package is required for FTP service ?
Ans: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 or FEDORA includes the vsftpd FTP service.
Rpm -qa | grep vsftpd to chceck before installing
yum install vsftpd* -y to install vsftpd package



Q: - Important Configuration file for vsftp server ?
The FTP server uses the /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf configuration file. Using this file, you
can set options for displaying a custom banner message after users log in, setting the
default file permissions for uploaded files, and setting the port on which to listen for
incoming connections.



Q: - What is FTP ?
Ans: FTP client connects to the FTP server by establishing an FTP control connection to port 21 of the server. Your commands such as 'ls' and 'get' are sent over this connection. Whenever the client requests data over the control connection, the server initiates data transfer connections back to the client. The source port of these data transfer connections is always port 20 on the server, and the destination port is a high port (greater than 1024) on the client.



Q: - What is Passive mode?
Ans: Passive mode, like active mode, is initiated by the FTP client application. When requesting data from the server, the FTP client indicates it wants to access the data in passive mode and the server provides the IP address and a random, unprivileged port (greater than 1024) on the server. The client then connects to that port on the server to download the requested information.



Q: - Explain directive "session_support?
When enabled, vsftpd attempts to maintain login sessions for each user through Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM).




Q: - Is there any way to monitor clients connected to vsftpd?
Ans : Yes. We actually have two slightly different methods to monitor vsftpd clients. First, make sure you have enabled the config option, "setproctitle_enable=YES" like in our example above and restart your vsftpd server. Then run the command "watch ps -Cvsftpd -o user, pid, stime, cmd" to watch the processes including ip, username and actions like idle or data retrieval.
Q: - I want to copy multiple files with out prompting for any info, how can I do that one?
ftp -i ftpserver



Q: - Local users cannot log in. How to resolve this issue?
Ans :Check "local_enable=YES" in your /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd. conf to allow local users to log in.



Q: - How to change vsftpd default port?
Ans :Set "listen_port" option in "vsftpd.conf"




Q: - How to restrict some IP's not use my FTP server?
Ans :Use TCP_WRAPPERS,
go to /etc/hosts.deny
write,
vsftpd: .example.com (or) ip address
save it and do the following
service vsftpd restart
chkconfig vsftpd on



Q: - Does vsftpd support IPv6?
Ans :Yes



Q. How to change ftp default port? 
Ans :By setting listen_port option in vsftpd.conf



Q. How much data can be send in a Single FTP session
Ans :The amount of data which can be send is infinite. FTP uses TCP. The TCP channel can be used until the complete data is transferred. Multiple TCP segments can be used within the same TCP channel.



Q. Can an IP packet carry FTP data
Ans :An IP packet is a carrier protocol used for carrying application layer data. The FTP data is packaged in TCP, which is sent to the intended recepient using the IP protocol in an IP based network




Q. How does Active FTP communication Work
Ans :When a FTP client initiates a connection with FTP server in Active FTP mode, initially the FTP client initiates tcp 3 way handshake with the FTP server. This is initiated to port 21 on the server and is referred to as the control connection. Once the control connection is successful, the client responds with the port command to the server, which contains the port number to which the server needs to initiate the second TCP connection. The server initiates the connection ( 2ND tcp 3 way handshake) from port 20 on it to the port number provided by the client. This is known as data connection.Once the data connection connection is succesfull, the data transmission can commence.



Q. How many TCP connections are used by Active and Passive FTP respectively 
Ans :Both Active and Passive FTP uses two TCP connections




Q. Why does Active FTP not work when a firewall is involved between the client and the server. 
Ans :In Active FTP , once the FTP client establishes the connectivity with the server, the server initiates the data connection to the client. This is a TCP connection which is initiated from a system (FTP Server) which resides outside the network. All traffic initiated from outside is considered as untrusted, and the firewall would drop it by default.



Q. How does Passive FTP resolve the issue with firewalls
Ans :In Passive FTP, the FTP client initiates the connection with the server and not the FTP server with the client. Since the client is residing within the network , the connection is considered as trusted by the firewall.



Q. In Active FTP, which TCP port is used for initiating the control channel 
Ans :Port 21
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Interview Questions NFS Server

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                         ############  Interview Questions NFS Server  ############
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Q. What is NFS?
 Ans :NFS is a network file system, which allows remote hosts to mount file system  over a network and interact with those file systems as though they are mounted locally.



Q. NFS uses?
 Ans :NFS is used for sharing files and directories throughout the network.



Q. What are the port numbers for nfs?
     Ans :2049(nfsd), 111(port map)



Q. what are the demons for nfs?
    Ans :Rpc.nfsd, rpc.lockd, rpc.quota.d, rpc.mountd



Q. NFS uses which protocol?
    Ans :Nfsv4 uses TCP, nfsv3 and nfsv2 uses UDP



Q: - Explain this entry /shared 192.168.0.0/24(sync,rw)
    Ans :Allows all systems with 192.168.0.*  IP addresses read-write access to the  /shared directory



Q: - What will happened if a space is given in between allowed hosts and (options)
Ans :If a space is included, the options are applied to any and all IP addresses, which can be quite dangerous if write permission is granted.



Q: - What is the role of "sync" option for NFS server
Ans :sync is used to synchronize the data from server to client. The sync option is recommended because it follows the NFS protocol.



Q: - How to retrieve a list of clients connected to the NFS server?
Ans :To retrieve a list of clients connected to the NFS server, use the showmount command
from a shell prompt. To also show the directories the clients are connected to, use the
ex: showmount   192.168.0.112



Q: - Name of Configuration file for NFS Server?
Ans : /etc/exports



Q: - What is meaning of "no_root_squash" option ?
Ans :Treat remote root user as local root. Do not map requests from root to the anonymous user and group ID.



Q: - What is NFS ?
Ans :NFS stands for Network File System. NFS was originally developed by Sun Microsystems in the 1980's. NFS allows remote hosts to mount file systems over a network and interact with those file systems as though they are mounted locally. This enables system administrators to consolidate resources onto centralized servers on the network.



Q: - Which NFS versions are available ?
Ans :NFS Version 2
        NFS Version 3
        NFS Version 4



Q: - What is different between NFS Version 2 & 3 ?
Ans :nfs 2 default 8kb transfer rate,it did not check the authentication at the time connection.client wants to access unauthorized file it shows error messages like "write error","read error" nfs 3 32kb transfer rate. It check at the time connection- ACL Support



Q: - Can we grant access by Username and password for nfs share?
Ans :No, access is granted only for IP address.



Q: - What is the role of "all_squash" option?
Ans :Treat all client users as anonymous users. Map all user and group IDs to the anonymous user and group ID.



Q: - What is the role of "root_squash" option?
Ans :All requests from the user root are translated or mapped as if they came from the user anonymous (default).



Q: - Explain option "all_squash"?
Ans :The UID and GID of exported files are mapped to the user anonymous. It is good for public directories.



Q: - Explain "exportfs" command?
Ans :The exportfs command is used to maintain the current table of exported file systems for NFS.



Q: - Explain command "/usr/sbin/exportfs -f"?
Ans :It will flush everything out of the kernels export table. Any clients that are active will get new entries added by mountd when they make their next request.



Q: - Which option is used with exportfs command to display the current export list, also displays the list of export options?
Ans : exportfs -v



Q: - Which option is used with exportfs command to re-export all directories?
Ans : exportfs -r



Q: - Is rpc.mountd daemon supports TCP_WRAPPERS?
Ans : Yes, The rpc.mountd daemon is protected by the tcp_wrappers. You have to give the clients access to rpc.mountd if they should be allowed to use NFS Server.



Q: - Explain "nfsstat" command?
Ans : The nfsstat command displays the statistics about NFS client and NFS server activity.



Q: - What do you understand by "nfsstat -o all -234" command?
Ans : It will Show all information about all versions of NFS.



Q: - What do you understand by "nfsstat --nfs --server -4" command?
Ans : It will show statistics for NFS version 4 server.



Q: - Can NFS share mounted on Window XP and Justify your answer?
Ans : No, Window XP operating system doesnt support nfs protocol.



Q: - 192.168.0.111:/data is exported by NFS Server and i want to add this NFS share to client /etc/fstab file. How you will add this entry in /etc/fstab file?

Ans : #Device name                      #mount-point    # fs-type     #options      #dump   #fsckorder
192.168.0.111:/data            /mnt                 nfs            defaults              0         0



Q: - Explain "Soft Mounting" option at NFS Client?
Ans : if a file request fails, the NFS client will report an error to the process on the client machine requesting the file access. if it cannot be satisfied (for example, the server is down), then it quits. This is called soft mounting.



Q: - Explain "Hard Mounting" option at NFS Client?
Ans : If a file request fails, the NFS client will report an error to the process on the client machine requesting the file access. if it cannot be satisfied, then it will not quit until the request is satisfied. This is called Hard mounting.



Q: Explain "intr" option at NFS Client?
Ans : Allows nfs requests t be interrupted or killed if the server is unreachable



Q:  Explain "nolock" option at NFS Client?
Ans : It disables the file locking and allows the interoperation



Q: - What is "portmap"?
Ans : The portmapper keeps a list of what services are running on what ports. This list is used by a connecting machine to see what ports it wants to talk to access certain services.



Q: - How you will check "portmap" service is running or not?
Ans :rpcinfo p 192.168.0.111



Q: - I am unable to mount a NFS share. How will you trace out the reason?
Ans :Firstly, check that you have permissions to mount nfs share or not. Check /etc/exports file.
Secondly you can get RPC error: Program Not Registered (or another "RPC" error)
For this check your NFS server and portmap service running or not by "rpcinfo -p"



Q: Can I modify export permissions without needing to remount clients in order to have them take effect?
Ans :Yes. The safest thing to do is edit /etc/exports and run "exportfs -r"



Q. How to restart the services for nfs?
Ans :Service nfs restart



Q. How to enable the nfs server after reboot?
Ans :Chkconfig  nfs  on

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information on RHEL6 & RHEL5

RHEL6  v/s  RHEL5

1.Ext4 file system is introduced.

Ext4 has many new advantages than Ext3 which is used in earlier versions of RHEL. Ext4 is comparatively faster and easy to manage. It supports supports up to 100TB with the addition of Scalable Filesystem Add-one.

2. xen is removed and kernel virtualization machine (KVM) is introduced.

      RHEL6 introduces the use of KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) as its hypervisor. In the earlier releases Xen hypervisor was used. The main advantage of KVM is that a new kernel should not be installed like in Xen. It also supports the installation of many virtual operating systems like Windows, Linux, Solaris,etc. It is easy to manage.

3. neat command is removed.

4. portmap service is removed.

5. iscsi is introduced, which supports for SAN.

RHEL6 is released with improved and new networking features. It supports IPv6. It uses NFSv4 (Network File Transfer) for the sharing of files in the network rather than NFSv3. It also supports iSCSI (internet Small Computer System Interface) partitions. The network manager in RHEL6 supports Wi-Fi capabilities.

6. rpmbuild is available, which is used to create our own rpms.

7. File encyption is added.

8. palimpsest is available for disk management.

9. Virtual machine will run only on 64bit processors.

10. postfix service is recommended instead of sendmail service

11.Improved level of security

Ext2, Ext3 and Ext4 file systems.

Information on  Ext2, Ext3 and Ext4 file systems.


EXT2 :

1.Ext2 was the standard file system for linux until the introduction of ext3.

2.It was introduced with the 1.0 kernel in 1993.Ext2 is flexible,can handle file system up to 4 TB,and supports long filenames up to 1012 characters.

3.It has sparse super blocks feature which increase file system performance.In case any user processes fill up a file system,ext2 normally reserves about 5% of disk blocks for exclusive use by root so that root can easily recover from that situation.Now our rescue diskettes use ext2 instead of minix.

4. much Fater



EXT3 :

1. Ext3 (Extended 3 file system) provides all the features of ext2,and also features journaling and backward compatibility with ext2.

2.The backward compatibility enables you to still run kernals that are only ext2-aware with ext3 partitions.we can also use all of the ext2 file system tuning,repair and recovery tools with ext3 also you can upgrade an ext2 file system to an ext3 file system without losing any of your data.

3.Ext3’s journaling feature speeds up the amount of time it takes to bring the file system back to a sane state if it’s not been cleanly unmounted (that is,in the event of a power outage or a system crash). Under ext2,when a file system is uncleanly mounted ,the whole file system must be checked.This takes a long time on large file systems.

4. On an ext3 system ,the system keeps a record of uncommitted file transactions and applies only those transactions when the system is brought back up.So a complete system check is not required and the system will come back up much faster.

5. A cleanly unmounted ext3 file system can be mounted and used as an ext2 file system,this capability can come in handy if you need to revert back to an older kernel that is not aware of ext3.The kernel sees the ext3 filesystem as an ext2 file system.

6. ext3 file system is slower compared with ext2.



Ext4 :

1. Ext4 is part of the Linux 2.6.28 kernel,Ext4 is the evolution of the most used Linux file system, Ext3.

2. In many ways, Ext4 is a deeper improvement over Ext3 than Ext3 was over Ext2. Ext3 was mostly about adding journaling to Ext2, but Ext4 modifies important data structures of the file system such as the ones destined to store the file data. The result is a filesystem with an improved design, better performance, reliability and features.

3. slower compared with ext2

Features of Ext4 file system :
1. Compatibility
2. Bigger filesystem/file sizes
3. Subdirectory scalability
4. Extents
5. Multiblock allocation
6. Delayed allocation
7. Fast fsck
8. Journal checksumming
9. Online defragmentation
10. Inode-related features
11. Persistent preallocation
12. Barriers on by default

Friday 11 October 2013

SAMBA Server in with SAMBA GUI Console (SWAT)

SAMBA Server

yum install -y samba samba-commons cups-libs

mkdir /opt/Creative-Print                    (Here Creative-Print is a Directory to be shared)

groupadd creative-print                       (Here creative-print is Group, u can add your ex- IT, accounts)

chgrp -R creative-print   /opt/Creative-Print

chmod -R 777   /opt/Creative-Print

useradd User-1

usermod -G creative-print User-1


smbpasswd -a User-1


cd /etc/samba/
cp -p smb.conf smb.conf.orig (Copy Original smb.conf file as backup)



vi /etc/samba/smb.conf (Edit & Clear smb.conf & add only following container)


interfaces = lo eth0 eth1 172.16.16.0/24                 (Server Interface IP)
hosts allow = 127. 172.16.16.                         (IP range allow to be connect)

passdb backend = smbpasswd:/etc/samba/smbpasswd.db (Password Database File)
workgroup = MYGROUP                                         (Workgroup should same on all machine)



    [Creative-Print]
    comment = shared-directory
    path = /opt/Creative-Print
    public = no
    valid users = User-1, @creative-print
    writable = yes
    browseable = yes
    create mask = 0765



vi /etc/sysconfig/iptables (Add Following Rules in IP-Tables)

-A INPUT -s 172.16.16.0/24 -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 137 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -s 172.16.16.0/24 -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 138 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -s 172.16.16.0/24 -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 139 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -s 172.16.16.0/24 -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 445 -j ACCEPT


Restart & Save Iptable config

/etc/init.d/iptables restart
/etc/init.d/iptables save


Restart SAMBA Services

/etc/init.d/smb start
/etc/init.d/nmb start




Open the Run and type \\ip-address-of-samba-server\shared-Directory-name
 for eg. \\172.16.16.247\Creative-Print

Give username and password. (password which you set with the help of smbpasswd command)







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Installation of SAMBA GUI Console (SWAT)


yum -y install xinetd samba-swat (Install GUI Package & xientd Service)

vi /etc/xinetd.d/swat (Edit the swat config file & add the following Component)

# On line 10: IP address you allow
only_from = 127.0.0.1 10.0.0.0/24

# On line 14: change
disable = no



/etc/rc.d/init.d/xinetd start (Restart the XenetD Service)
chkconfig xinetd on



Allow in 901 port in firewall I.E Iptable

vi /etc/sysconfig/iptables (Add Following Rules in IP-Tables)

-A INPUT -s 172.16.16.0/24 -m state --state NEW -p tcp --dport 901 -j ACCEPT



/etc/init.d/iptables restart
/etc/init.d/iptables save

Access Via Browser 

http://172.16.16.247:901 OR  http://samba-server-ip:901



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How to configure NFS in CentOS 6 ?

How to configure NFS in CentOS 6 ?


Network  : 192.168.58.0
Server IP : 192.168.58.200


Server settings.


[root@server ~]#  yum install nfs* -y


# Add the following entry in Export File
[root@server ~]#  vi /etc/exports


/home 192.168.58.0/24(rw,sync,no_root_squash,no_all_squash)



# options
# /home  = shared directory.
# 192.162.0.0/24  = Range of the network which nfs will
# grant access to.
# rw = Read and write access.
# ro = Read only access.
# sync = synchronize
# no_root_squash  = enables root access and privilege.
# no_all_squash   = enables user access.


[root@server ~]#  service nfslock restart
[root@server ~]#  service nfs restart
[root@server ~]#  chkconfig nfslock on
[root@server ~]#  chkconfig nfs on







Client Configuration

Network  : 192.168.58.0
Client IP : 192.168.58.201


[root@client ~]#  yum install nfs* -y
[root@client ~]#  service nfslock restart
[root@client ~]#  service netfs restart
[root@client ~]#  chkconfig nfslock on
[root@client ~]#  chkconfig netfs on

[root@client ~]#  mount nfs 192.168.58.200:/home /home

[root@client ~]#  df -h


# Edit & add the following line in the fstab file (To make this Permanant)

[root@client ~]#  vi /etc/fstab

192.168.58.200:/home   /home       nfs        defaults,_netdev           1 1